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How to Make notes for UPSC? Article 315 to 323 of the Indian Constitution deal with the provisions related to the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). Here's the information in both Hindi and English: Hindi: भारतीय संविधान के धारा 315 से 323 तक उनींद्र सेवा आयोग (यूपीएससी) से संबंधित विधानों के प्रावधान हैं। यहां निम्नलिखित हैं उन विधानों की जानकारी: धारा 315: यूपीएससी की स्थापना, संघ और राज्यों के लिए एक संघीय उपसंघीय सेवा आयोग की स्थापना करने का प्रावधान है। धारा 316: यूपीएससी के अध्यक्ष और सदस्यों की नियुक्ति के बारे में विधान है। इसमें इन पदों पर नियुक्ति के लिए राष्ट्रपति की सिफारिश और अद्यतन विधान द्वारा नियुक्ति के प्रक्रिया का विवरण दिया गया है। धारा 317: यूपीएससी के सदस्यों के लिए नियुक्ति के पात्रता मापदंडों के बारे में विधान है। धारा 318: यूपीएससी के सदस्यों के आयोग के माध्यम से नियुक्ति के बारे में विधान है। धारा 319: यूपीएससी के सदस्यों की कार्यावस्था के बारे में विधान है। धारा 320: यूपीएससी के आयोग की स्थापना, कार्यप्रणाली, अधिकार और कर्तव्यों के बारे म...

Here are the answers to your questions in Hindi/ English-: ●. How many attempts for UPSC?  (UPSC के लिए कितनी कोशिश कर सकते हैं?)    Hindi: UPSC (संघ लोक सेवा आयोग) परीक्षा के लिए प्रयासों की संख्या निम्नानुसार होती है:    सामान्य श्रेणी के उम्मीदवार: 6 प्रयास    ओबीसी श्रेणी के उम्मीदवार: 9 प्रयास    एससी/एसटी श्रेणी के उम्मीदवार: आयु सीमा तक असीमित प्रयास ●. How to start UPSC preparation from zero level?  (जीरो स्तर से UPSC की तैयारी कैसे शुरू करें?)    Hindi: जीरो स्तर से UPSC की तैयारी शुरू करने के लिए निम्नलिखित चरणों का पालन करें:    - UPSC परीक्षा पैटर्न और पाठ्यक्रम को समझें।    - आवश्यक अध्ययन सामग्री और पुस्तकों को इकट्ठा करें।    - एक अच्छी अध्ययन योजना तैयार करें और उस पर ध्यान केंद्रित करें।    - मूलभूत ज्ञान के लिए मूलभूत NCERT पुस्तकों से शुरू करें।    - अख़बार पढ़ें और करेंट अफेयर्स के साथ अद्यतित रहें।    - कोचिंग संस्थान में शामिल हों या ग...

आज कुछ सवाल काफी लोगों ने पूछा था जो सवाल बहुत ही अच्छे लगे इसलिए मैंने इनको प्रकाशित किया है जो नीचे दिए हुए हैं। मुझे ये उम्मीद है इससे कुछ ना कुछ आप सीखेंगे।  Que 1 . How to prepare for UPSC without coaching?  (कोचिंग के बिना UPSC की तैयारी कैसे करें?)     UPSC की तैयारी कोचिंग के बिना भी की जा सकती है। यहां कुछ सरल टिप्स हैं:    - परीक्षा पैटर्न और पाठ्यक्रम को अच्छी तरह समझें।    - एक अच्छी अध्ययन योजना तैयार करें और उसे नियमित रूप से पालन करें।    - मूलभूत NCERT पुस्तकों का उपयोग करें। इन पुस्तकों में मूलभूत ज्ञान होता है।    - अद्यतित रहें और करंट अफेयर्स के लिए न्यूज़पेपर पढ़ें।    - मॉक टेस्ट लें और अपनी प्रगति को मापें।    - एक संगठित तरीके से नोट्स तैयार करें जो परीक्षा समय में उपयोगी होंगे।    - सतत परिश्रम, समय प्रबंधन, और स्वयं-आदेश बनाए रखें।     You can prepare for UPSC without coaching. Here are some simple tips:    - Understand the exam pattern and syllabus wel...

Preparing for the UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) examination requires a systematic and disciplined approach. Here are some general tips to help you in your preparation: 1 . Understand the Exam:  Familiarize yourself with the exam pattern, syllabus, and eligibility criteria. Understand the different stages of the exam, including the preliminary examination, main examination, and interview. 2 .Create a Study Plan:  Develop a well-structured study plan that allocates time for each subject or topic. Ensure that you have enough time for revision and practice. Set realistic goals and milestones to track your progress. 3 . Syllabus and Study Material:  Thoroughly go through the UPSC syllabus and gather the relevant study material. Refer to standard textbooks, NCERT books, reference books, and UPSC-specific study materials. Make sure to cover all the subjects and topics mentioned in the syllabus. 4 . Current Affairs:  Stay updated with current affairs by...

History of UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) in Hindi: UPSC (संघ लोक सेवा आयोग) का इतिहास 1 अक्टूबर 1926 को भारतीय संघ के रूप में शुरू हुआ। यह भारतीय संविधान के अनुसार संघ लोक सेवा आयोग को स्थापित करने का प्रधान उद्देश्य था। यह आयोग भारतीय प्रशासनिक सेवा (IAS) और भारतीय पुलिस सेवा (IPS) जैसी प्रमुख संघ लोक सेवा की भर्ती के लिए जिम्मेदार होता है। UPSC की पहली परीक्षा 1927 में आयोजित की गई थी और इसके बाद से हर साल इसकी परीक्षाएं आयोजित की जाती हैं। प्राथमिकता सूची (Merit List) में उत्तीर्ण उम्मीदवारों को विभिन्न संघ लोक सेवाओं में नियुक्ति प्रदान की जाती है। UPSC का मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली में स्थित है और इसके अलावा इसके केंद्रीय कार्यालय और विभाग भारतवर्ष भर में हैं। History of UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) in English: The history of UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) dates back to October 1, 1926 when it was established as the Federal Public Service Commission in India. The primary objective of establishing this commission was to create a permanent body for the...

what does economy mean ?  The term "economy" refers to the system by which a society or a country organizes and manages its resources, production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It encompasses various activities, including the production of goods and services, the allocation of resources, the exchange of goods and services, and the overall management of economic activities within a given area. Economy can also refer to the overall state or condition of a country's financial and commercial activities, including factors such as employment rates, inflation, economic growth, and the stability of financial markets. It is often measured and analyzed through economic indicators, such as gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment rates, inflation rates, and trade balances. The study of economics involves analyzing how individuals, businesses, and governments make decisions regarding the allocation of resources and how these decisions affect the overall funct...

What is Currency chests? Currency chests are branches of selected banks authorised by the RBI to stock rupee notes and coins. The responsibility for managing the currency in circulation is vested in the RBI. The central bank advises the Centre on the number of notes to be printed, the currency denominations, security features and so on. The number of notes that need to be printed is determined using a statistical model that takes the pace of economic growth, rate of inflation and the replacement rate of soiled notes. The Government has, however, reserved the right to determine the amount of coins that have to be minted. The RBI offices in various cities receive the notes from note presses and coins from the mints. These are sent to the currency chests and small coin depots from where they are distributed to bank branches. The RBI has set up over 4,075 currency chests all over the country. Besides these, there are around 3,746 bank branches that act as small coin depots to stock small c...

 Chandrayaan-3 Landing: India's Ambitious Lunar Mission Set for Redemption  Mission Objectives  Chandrayaan-3's primary objective is to achieve a successful soft landing on the lunar surface and deploy a rover to explore the uncharted regions of Earth's celestial neighbor. The mission aims to conduct detailed scientific investigations, including studying the lunar soil, analyzing the composition of the lunar surface, and mapping the moon's topography. Chandrayaan-3 will also focus on collecting data related to the moon's mineralogy and water ice distribution, which could provide valuable insights into the moon's geological history and potential resources. Key Features and Upgrades  Learning from the challenges encountered during Chandrayaan-2, ISRO has implemented several key upgrades for Chandrayaan-3. The lander and rover have undergone significant improvements to enhance their reliability and robustness. The lander's propulsion system and navi...

What Is Bancassurance? Bancassurance is an arrangement between a bank and an insurance company allowing the insurance company to sell insurance schemes to the bank's clients. This partnership arrangement can be profitable for both companies. Banks earn additional revenue by selling insurance products, and insurance companies expand their customer base without increasing their sales force. What is circular economy? The circular economy is a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. In this way, the life cycle of products is extended. In practice, it implies reducing waste to a minimum. When a product reaches the end of its life, its materials are kept within the economy wherever possible thanks to recycling. These can be productively used again and again, thereby creating further value. What is Plastic Money? Plastic money is your debit or cr...

Initial Public Offering (IPO) If a closely held company i.e. a company in which all the shares are held by the promoter wants to raise funds for the first time by selling its shares to the interested investor then it is termed as IPO of that company. For this purpose an application known as Draft Red Herring Prospectus is filed to get the permission with SEBI. The prospectus is named so because the cover page of the prospectus is printed in red. This concept was borrowed from the American Stock Market. Once the permission is granted the company hires merchant banking companies or investment banking companies that evaluate the financial health of the company and even its future prospects. Based on that it is decided that over the value of the share how much premium can be added while selling the shares. Thereafter the company comes out with advertisements. The interested investors transfer money from their bank account directly and the shares are transferred to their Demat a...

In the year 2015, the government introduced Sovereign Gold Bond scheme as well as Gold Monetization Scheme. These were aimed at bringing down the import of gold in physical form so that the outflow of foreign currencies can be prevented. Sovereign Gold Bond scheme-: Sovereign Gold Bond scheme was introduced in order to bring down investment in gold in physical form. Investment in gold in physical form suffers from some basic risks. First of all, the risk is related to the purity of gold in physical form. Secondly the risk is related to its safety. If it is kept in a locker, it will incur cost. If it is kept at home the risk involved will be high. Hence, investment in gold which is in the form of bond is always beneficial. This scheme has following provisions - 1. The bond is issued in the form of paper and even in digital form by the RBI through the permission of Government of India. 2. It is issued with the face value of minimum 1 gram of gold and thereafter in multip...

Subsidies in Agriculture -: Subsidies can be defined as financial assistance provided by the government in order to ensure availability of essential goods and services at a price below the market price to the consumers. Subsidies have always been used as an important tool in order to reduce the impact of poverty over the general consumers. They can be classified into two important types:- 1. Indirect subsidies 2. Direct subsidies In case of indirect subsidies the benefit is provided by the government to the consumers or the beneficiaries but the payment is done by the government to someone else. For Example prior to the scheme of Direct Benefit Transfer- DBT, even in case of LPG cylinders indirect subsidies were given. The consumer was provided cylinder at a subsidized price but the payment was done by the government to the oil marketing companies. Indirect subsidies may lead to misuse of resources. It is mainly because all the beneficiaries may not be real. On the o...

Initially, the World Bank was officially known as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). World Bank was only its popular name. IBRD was set up to reconstruct the entire world destroyed during World War II. However, when the responsibility was fulfilled, it was officially renamed as World Bank, and IBRD was made a part of the World Bank. In the 1960s, International Development Association (IDA) was set up and it was also made a part of the World Bank. Hence, at present World Bank means IBRD + IDA. Later on, 3 more organizations were brought under the purview of the World Bank. Which are as follows:- 1. International Finance Corporation (IFC) 2. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 3. International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) When IFC, MIGA, and ICSID are clubbed together with World Bank, it is referred to as World Bank Group. So, World Bank Group means IBRD + IDA + IFC + MIGA + ICSID. International Bank...

World Trade Organization (WTO) WTO came into existence as a successor of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades), in the year 1995. GATT was an agreement that was signed in 1947, and it became effective in 1948. It was not an organization but a mere agreement signed by a number of countries to ensure restriction-free trade in goods. However, in the developed countries as the labor cost started increasing, the production of goods started becoming costlier. Hence, manufacturing industries started shifting toward developing economies. The economy of developed countries started shifting towards the service sector therefore the existence of GATT would have helped only the developing economies which had become manufacturing hubs by the early 1990s. Hence, in the 8th and last round of GATT, which was held in Uruguay, the idea of WTO was conceived. The then Director General of GATT Arthur Dunkel was given the responsibility to prepare a blueprint for WTO. Hence under the Ma...

What is Cheque Truncation System ? Cheque Truncation System (CTS) is a process of clearing cheques electronically rather than processing the physical cheque by the presenting bank en-route to the paying bank branch. It is a step undertaken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for quicker cheque clearance. Since there is no physical movement of cheques under CTS, the cost of collection of cheques comes down. Moreover, logistics-related issues are removed and loss of cheque in transit is no longer a problem. This brings down operational risk and risks associated with paper clearing and increases operational efficiency. What is a Opportunity Cost ? How many times have you purchased something in a shop, only to later return home and find the cost was lower if you were to purchase online? It can be frustrating - but most of the time, you’re still happy to have purchased the item you wanted.  In a similar vein but on a much more lucrative and higher scale, opportunity cost refers to the po...

Fiscal Policy  When governments decide upon their spending and taxation policies for an upcoming period, it has a significant impact on the country’s economic performance and on us as individuals. It affects our aggregate demands for goods and services, employment, inflation and long-term economic growth. The term ‘fiscal policy’ refers to this use of government spending and taxation, and its impacts on the economy.  In economic terms, there are two main types: Expansionary fiscal policy  : Designed to boost the economy, it is commonly used in times of high unemployment and recession. Governments tend to lower taxes and increase spending, with the aim to stimulate the economy and ensure consumers' purchasing power does not weaken.  Contractionary fiscal policy  : As the name suggests, this type of policy is designed to shrink economic growth in case of high inflation. To achieve this, governments tend to increase taxes and reduce their spending. What i...

What is MICR Code ? “Magnetic Ink Character Recognition” (MICR) is a technology that uses a 9-digit code printed at the bottom of a cheque to quickly and accurately identify and process it. In addition to speeding up the processing of cheques, MICR has other features such as: 1.MICR is located at the bottom of the cheque. 2.It includes bank-specific information. 3.MICR codes cannot be easily copied due to their unique font and use of magnetic ink. 4.Indian banks each have their own MICR codes What is Free Market concept in Economy ? The term ‘free market’ is an economic system which is based on supply and demand, with little to no government control. Commonly referred to as a “laissez-faire” capitalist system, it is where people can buy and sell goods freely, and most companies and properties are not owned by the government. Overall, in a free market economy, the production of goods and services is usually determined by consumers and their patterns of spending. People are free to purch...

What is Business Cycle tools in Economy? In Economics, a business cycle refers to a series of stages in an economy as it expands and contracts. Often referred to as a “trade cycle” or “economic cycle,” the process constantly repeats, measuring the rise and fall of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over varying periods of time in a financial year. Business cycles are universal across all countries that have a capitalistic economy. All such economies will face natural periods of growth and decline, though not all at the same time - so the periods in which they are measured can differ between nations. Having an understanding of the different phases of a business cycle can help individuals, businesses and even governments make appropriate decisions around finance and policy to best support their economies. What is Monetarism ? Monetarism is a macroeconomic theory which argues that governments can maintain economic stability by targeting the growth rate of money supply.  In simpler terms, it...

  What is equity in economy? In finance, equity represents the ownership “share” of an asset or company. That is, if a company and all its assets were sold, equity represents the amount of money that would be returned to a company’s shareholders.  Also known as “shareholders’ equity,” we can think of equity as a portion of ownership in a firm or asset after subtracting any debts associated with that asset. It can be found on a company’s balance sheet. What is commodity in crued oil? In the world of commerce, a commodity is a basic material or product which can be purchased in large quantities for the production of other goods and services.  Commodities are incredibly important in ensuring many of our daily essentials are available to use. From crude oil used to warm our homes and fill our cars, to agricultural goods like wheat and corn to process into an array of food products for us to buy - commodities really are essential to our everyday lives.  Commodities can be...

What is Parliament’s Privileges Committee, how it works IN THE recently concluded monsoon session of Parliament, Congress’s Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury and AAP’s Raghav Chadha were suspended from the House, pending reports by the Privileges Committee. What are parliamentary privileges? Parliament and its Members (MPs) have certain rights and immunities that enable them to function effectively in their legislative roles. These are called parliamentary privileges. Parliamentary privileges are, therefore, a mix of provisions in the Constitution, statutes, House procedures and conventions. For example, the Constitution specifies that MPs have freedom of speech and immunity from judicial proceedings against anything they say or votes they cast in Parliament. Also, the Code of Civil Procedure protects them from arrest and detention under civil cases during a parliamentary session, and for a specified period before it begins and after it ends. How does Parliamentact on breach of privilege? Each...

What  is a Line of Credit ? A line of credit is a flexible loan from a bank or financial institution. Similar to a credit card with a set credit limit, a line of credit is a defined amount of money that you can access as needed and use as you wish. Then, you can repay what you used immediately or over time. Interest is calculated only on the amount used. It can be given even by a country to another country. What is NACH ? National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has implemented “National Automated Clearing House (NACH)” for Banks, Financial Institutions, Corporates and Government a web based solution to facilitate interbank, high volume, electronic transactions which are repetitive and periodic in nature. NACH System can be used for making bulk transactions towards distribution of subsidies, dividends, interest, salary, pension etc. and also for bulk transactions towards collection of payments pertaining to telephone, electricity, water, loans, investments in mutual funds, ins...

What is Electronic Clearing Service (ECS) ? ECS is an electronic mode of payment / receipt for transactions that are repetitive and periodic in nature. ECS is used by institutions for making bulk payment of amounts towards distribution of dividend, interest, salary, pension, etc., or for bulk collection of amounts towards telephone / electricity / water dues, cess / tax collections, loan instalment repayments, periodic investments in mutual funds, insurance premium etc. Essentially, ECS facilitates bulk transfer of money from one bank account to many bank accounts or vice versa. ECS includes transactions processed under National Automated Clearing House (NACH) operated by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). What is a soft Loan ? A soft loan is a loan with no interest or a below-market rate of interest. Also known as "soft financing" or "concessional funding," soft loans have lenient terms, such as extended grace periods in which only interest or service c...

What is WTO norms ? Trade related aspect of intellectual property rights These rights are granted under WTO norms. They protect intellectual properties. These properties are products of the human mind, which are new, novel, and non- obvious and have commercial utility. The TRIPs laws cover the followings:- 1. Patent 2. Copyright 3. Trademark 4. Trade secret 5. Geographical indication Patent  It is a right provided to the inventor of a technology, chemical, medicine or any other product which is nonobvious, completely new and has a commercial utility. For example: - Microchips. Patent right is granted for 20 years. During these 20 years, no other individual or company can produce or sell the same product without any prior permission of the patent holder. Prior to 2005 India only provided process patent and not product patent. It means that India provided patent to only the process by which the product was produced. Since on the final product, no patent right was guar...